Details of the financial dealings of the Giustiniani family of Genoa have recently been discovered in the Borromei ledger for Bruges for 1438. These offer a new angle on the potential connection between the Giustiniani and the Bruges workshop of Jan van Eyck.

This article argues that Albrecht Dürer’s three engravings of peasants from the years 1514 and 1519 witness the artist’s invention of “inverse citation,” a method of imitation that Dürer developed in reaction to criticism he received from Italian artists during his second trip to Italy, 1505-06.

 This article links the representation of the Netherlandish peasant in sixteenth-century histories and collections of customs to the peasant imagery of Pieter Bruegel the Elder, arguing that the figure of peasant was seen in both text and image as an embodiment of local history, central to the production of a unique vernacular cultural identity.  Bruegel, archaeology, peasant, history, Batavia, Netherlands, Ortelius, antiquity, vernacular